Author's acknowledgement and disclaimer

The notes that follow are based on my teaching notes produced, evolved and developed for and used in the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Strathclyde University (1985 – 2005). These have been revised and updated for publication on the IChemE web site. I am grateful to Department of Chemical and Process Engineering. Strathclyde University for their support for publishing these revised notes but errors within them are my responsibility.

These notes are provided for information and teaching purposes only, they are not designed for professional use. They are based on my professional experience but are not, are not intended to be and should not be treated as, formal professional and/or legal advice. The reader should not act in any way on the basis of these notes without seeking, where necessary professional advice concerning their own circumstances.

These notes may only be used as a basis of teaching but are supplied on an “as is” basis and no warranties are given as to their usefulness or otherwise. The author, the University of Strathclyde and IChemE assume no responsibility for, and disclaim all liability (including responsibility for any actions taken) to the fullest extent permitted by law in respect of the information in these notes.

Please note that whilst every effort has been made to ensure these notes are accurate and up-to-date, there may have been subsequent developments and legal changes in the period since writing and publication.

Eur Ing Frank Crawley